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The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against British colonial rule, as a demand for independence. The dissent was directly influenced by the Qassamite rebellion, following the killing of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in 1935, as well as the declaration by Hajj Mohammad Amin al-Husayni of 16 May 1930 as 'Palestine Day' and calling for a General Strike. The revolt was branded by many in the Jewish Yishuv as "immoral and terroristic", often comparing it to the fascism and nazism.〔 Ben Gurion however expressed Arab causes as fear from growing Jewish economic power, opposition to mass Jewish immigration and fear of the English identification with Zionism.〔Morris, 1999, p. 136.〕 The general strike lasted from April to October 1936, initiating the violent revolt. The revolt consisted of two distinct phases.〔Norris, 2008, pp. 25.45.〕 The first phase was directed primarily by the urban and elitist Higher Arab Committee (HAC) and was focused mainly on strikes and other forms of political protest.〔 By October 1936, this phase had been defeated by the British civil administration using a combination of political concessions, international diplomacy (involving the rulers of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Transjordan and Yemen〔) and the threat of martial law.〔 The second phase, which began late in 1937, was a violent and peasant-led resistance movement that increasingly targeted British forces.〔 During this phase, the rebellion was brutally suppressed by the British Army and the Palestine Police Force using repressive measures that were intended to intimidate the Arab population and undermine popular support for the revolt.〔 During this phase, a more dominant role on the Arab side was taken by the Nashashibi clan, whose NDP party quickly withdrew from the rebel Arab Higher Committee, led by radical faction of Amin al-Husseini, and instead sided with the British - dispatching "Fasail al-Salam" (the "Peace Bands") in coordination with the British Army against nationalist and Jihadist Arab "Fasail" units (literally "bands"). According to official British figures covering the whole revolt, the army and police killed more than 2,000 Arabs in combat, 108 were hanged,〔 and 961 died because of what they described as "gang and terrorist activities".〔 In an analysis of the British statistics, Walid Khalidi estimates 19,792 casualties for the Arabs, with 5,032 dead: 3,832 killed by the British and 1,200 dead because of "terrorism", and 14,760 wounded.〔 Over ten percent of the adult male Palestinian Arab population between 20 and 60 was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.〔Khalidi, 2002, p. 21; p. 35.〕 Estimates of the number of Palestinian Jews killed range from 91〔Patai, 1971, p. 59.〕 to several hundred.〔Morris, 1999, p. 160.〕 The Arab revolt in Palestine was unsuccessful, and its consequences affected the outcome of the 1948 Palestine war.〔Morris, 1999, p. 159.〕 It caused the British Mandate to give crucial support to pre-state Zionist militias like the Haganah, whereas on the Palestinian Arab side, the revolt forced the fleeing into exile of the main Palestinian Arab leader of the period, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem - Haj Amin al-Husseini. ==Origins== In 1930 Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam organized and established the Black Hand, an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organization. He recruited and arranged military training for peasants and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. They were engaged in a campaign of vandalizing trees planted by farmers and British-constructed rail lines. In November 1935, two of his men engaged in a firefight with the Palestine Police patrol hunting fruit thieves and a policeman was killed. Following the incident, the police launched a manhunt and surrounded al-Qassam in a cave near Ya'bad. In the ensuing battle, al-Qassam was killed.〔 The death of al-Qassam generated widespread outrage among Palestinian Arabs. Huge crowds accompanied Qassam's body to his grave in Haifa. The dissent in Palestine was influenced also by the discovery in October 1935 at the port of Jaffa of a large arms shipment destined for the Haganah, sparking Arab fears of a Jewish military takeover of Palestine,〔Matthews, 2006, p. 237.〕〔Krämer, 2008, p. 263.〕 Jewish immigration also peaked in 1935, just months before Palestinian Arabs began a full-scale, nationwide revolt.〔〔Krämer, 2008, pp. 262–263.〕 In the four years between 1933 and 1936 more than 164,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine, and between 1931 and 1936 the Jewish population more than doubled from 175,000 to 370,000 people, increasing the Jewish population share from 17% to 27%, bringing about a significant deterioration in relations between Palestinian Arabs and Jews.〔Krämer, 2008, pp. 239–240.〕 The uprising began with an attack on 15 April 1936 on a convoy of trucks on the Nablus to Tulkarm road during which the (probably Qassamite)〔('Nablus Bandits Seen as Izz ed Din's followers' ), ''Palestine Post'', Friday, 17 April 1936.〕 assailants shot two Jewish drivers, Israel Khazan, who was killed instantly, and Zvi Dannenberg, who died five days later.〔〔('Yesterday in Palestine' ), ''Palestine Post'', Thursday, 30 April 1936.〕〔(Highwaymen's Second Victim Dead' ), ''Palestine Post,'' Tuesday, 21 April 1936.〕〔('Turk Killed by Hold-up Men' ), ''Palestine Post'', Thursday, 16 April 1936〕 The next day Jewish Irgun gunmen shot and killed two Arab workers sleeping in a hut near Petah Tikva in a revenge attack,〔〔Gilbert, 1998, p. 80.〕 and the funeral for Khazan in Tel Aviv on 17 April became a turbulent Jewish nationalist event during which Jewish rioters beat Arab children and destroyed property.〔Bar-On, 2004, p. 23.〕 Between 19 and 22 April disturbances in Jaffa and Tel Aviv left 16 Jews and 5 Arabs dead.〔('Little Change in Situation' ), ''Palestine Post'', Thursday, 23 April 1936.〕 An Arab general strike and revolt ensued that lasted until October 1936.〔 During the summer of that year, thousands of Jewish-farmed acres and orchards were destroyed, Jewish civilians were attacked and murdered, and some Jewish communities, such as those in Beisan and Acre, fled to safer areas.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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